Ask a Doctor: Chattanooga cardiologist explains the difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest

Ask a Doctor: Chattanooga cardiologist explains the difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest

Q: Is there a difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest?

A: People often use the terms "heart attack" and "sudden cardiac arrest" interchangeably, but they refer to different medical emergencies.

A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked by a clot or other obstruction. This prevents oxygen-rich blood from reaching a part of the heart muscle, which can cause that portion of the heart to start dying. Symptoms of a heart attack can range from severe chest pain to mild discomfort or even no noticeable symptoms at all. Importantly, during a heart attack, the heart usually continues to beat, though blood flow to it is restricted.

In contrast, sudden cardiac arrest happens when there is an electrical malfunction in the heart, causing it to stop beating unexpectedly. This disruption in the heart's rhythm means it can no longer pump blood to the brain, lungs and other vital organs. The result is a sudden loss of consciousness and the absence of a pulse. Death can occur within minutes if immediate treatment is not administered.

These two conditions are linked because a heart attack can increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. While not every heart attack leads to sudden cardiac arrest, the damage from a heart attack can sometimes disrupt the heart's electrical system, potentially triggering cardiac arrest. Other heart conditions, such as cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias and heart failure, can also lead to sudden cardiac arrest.

When dealing with a heart attack, it's crucial to call 911 immediately. Even if you are unsure whether it's a heart attack, seeking emergency medical help right away can be life-saving. Emergency medical services can begin treatment upon arrival, often faster than if someone were to drive to the hospital. If you experience chest pain or other symptoms, getting to the hospital quickly is vital.

For sudden cardiac arrest, you should first check if the person is responsive and has a pulse. If not, call 911 immediately and start high-quality chest compressions. If an automated external defibrillator is available, use it as soon as it arrives. In children and infants, airway obstruction is often the cause of cardiac arrest, so begin CPR immediately and then call for help if possible. If you are alone and cannot call for help right away, start CPR first.

Understanding these conditions and knowing how to act swiftly can make a significant difference. Performing Hands-Only CPR to the rhythm of "Stayin' Alive" can double or even triple a victim's chance of survival. Defibrillators and prompt medical intervention are critical in cases of sudden cardiac arrest. With this knowledge, you can be better prepared to respond in emergencies and potentially save lives.